Last time I introduced you the first two stage of the construction process that QS involved in - Contracts & Scope and Design Stage. Today I wanna discuss with you about the Tendering Stage .
Before I deeply investigate about tendering stage, first you have to know there is two sides of QS - one representing the Employer (Consultancy) and the other one working for the Contractor.
上回跟據整個建築項目過程的首兩部分- 制定合約和工程大綱及設計。我們可以看到QS的參與其實是環跨整個過程的，今天就跟大家談談第三步 - 招標和投標。
在深入探討前，你必須了解會有兩方的QS代表 - 業主(顧問公司)和承建商。
- 招標 Tender Notices (Consultancy QS's role 顧問公司QS方)
After the Design is completed, it's time for the Consultancy QS to design the tendering system, there is basically two types of tendering, which are open tender and selective tender. We would say majority of the public works tend to use open tender and the private developer tends to choose the selective tender.
當設計完成後就可以進入招標階段了，先要決定的是那一種招標制度。簡單來說分為公開招標和選擇性招標。前者主要是公共工程為政府釆用，後者則較常見於私人發展商。
Open Tender 公開招標
Open tender means everyone can bid for the works as long as you fulfil the requirements. Open tendering is the preferred public procurement method used for acquiring goods, services and infrastructure works. There is standard procedures established in different country with established procedures set out in the procurement guidelines and detailed in the standard bidding documents. Open tendering is also known as open competitive bidding, open competition or open solicitation, and the procurement notices used to call for bids for these requirements are identified as: Invitation for Bids or Invitation to Tender.
公開招標指只要符合資格人士就可投標，招標公告會在報紙,刊物及網上登出。公開招標一向是政府偏向釆用的系統，主要原因是因為公正，公開和透明，免除公眾的疑慮。所有預先制定的招標標準程序一一在政府公開的文件可以找到，一切也是為了維持公平性。
Selective Tendering 選擇性招標
Selective Tendering means there is a pre-selected list, only those Contractors on list are invited, this is very common in the construction industry especially in the private market. First of all, open tender is very costly, it takes many unnecessary time to do the tender assessment for numerous tenders received. Indeed, those private developers might tend to select the Contractors they have been worked together with who gives them confidence.
選擇性招標意思是有一張既定的名單預先制定，只有在名單上的承建商會被邀請投標，選擇性投標是非常常見的。原因是公開投標其實是非常浪費時間金錢的做法，試想一下，公開招標是基本上任何人都可以投標，首先價錢會有非常大的spread，質素也是，光是做標書審核已用了很多的金錢和時間了。另外。不少發展商會傾向找合作過的承建商，什至是跟自己有交情的，什或乎是子公司，一來確保服務質素，價錢亦有機會較相宜因保持合作關係。
There is also other system called Negotiated tendering, Serial Tendering, Framework tendering, etc. But I think Opening Tendering and Selective Tendering takes majority of the works now, so I will not discuss the remaining systems here.
其實還有其他的招標系統如Negotiated tendering, Serial Tendering, Framework tendering等等，不過現今公開招標和選擇性招標基本上佔據了市場上大部分的工程，餘下的我就不在這裡介紹了。
Bills of Quantities (BQ) 工程量清單
Bills of Quantities (BQ) is a very very very important document for a QS. Basically it is the summary of the taking-off, it listed out all the elements for the tenderers to price, it is very crucial for the QS to ensure everything is on the list, and described everything in details, make sure nothing is missing. The tenderers will then price according to your BQ, and the project will be awarded according to it, so on for the interim payment, which is a binding document. If there is anything missing or incorrect, the Employer will suffer the loss and he may face claims that the loss can be huge.
There is a very good sample for a BQ, imagine BQ as s shopping list, which listed out everything you gonna buy in a supermarket, with accurate description.
工程量清單是每一個QS熟悉的文件，它是非常非常非常重要的。簡單來說BQ就是一個清單，列出所有需要需承建商落價的項目，基本上就是所有項目你在Taking-off量度的總表，絕不可以漏度或是錯誤描述。投標者會根據你的BQ去定價，判出合約後，每個月的糧單亦會跟據這張清單去付錢，這個BQ是整份工程合約其中一份具效力的合約文件，尢其重要。假若有任何漏算/錯誤，往往會令業主有具大的捐失及面臨具額索償。
有一個很簡單的例子比如BQ，想像他是一個你去菜市場的買菜清單，他就是列出所有你需要買(建)的東西，所有東西需清楚描述，配料必需買齊，才能煮出你想煮的東西喔 !
Today i introduced you the role of Consultancy side QS's works in tendering stage, this is only part of the works, indeed the QS has to prepare many tendering documents like the preamble, preliminary items which I skipped here. Next time I will share you the other way round, how the Contractor QS to bid for the works. Again, feel free to leave comments if you have any questions ! 😊
I Hope you all enjoy my sharing about quantity surveying.
今天跟大家分享了在業主角色(顧問公司代表)的QS方的招標過程，其實甲方QS還有很多文件需要準備予招標過程，不過BQ可算是最重要的文件，其他我就在此略過了。
下一次再跟大家談談作為承建商一方的QS如何進行投標的細節。
如有問題歡迎留言發問，希望你們喜歡我的分享 :)
Source - Photo
Source - Photo