“In physics, the fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions that do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions.” After centuries of analysis of reality, our current models have narrowed these forces to four in number: electromagnetism, gravity, strong interaction, and weak interaction.
With that said, there is only one fundamental force: gravity. By recognizing how a simple model using gravity alone produces electromagnetism, the fundamental functionality of the universe is demonstrable. The focus of this article is to explain how gravity produces electromagnetism.
Critically, the universe is infinite. This means there is no end to how large or how small the mass of a particle in the universe can be.
An elementary particle is a concept of the smallest possible building block within the universe, however it does not exist. There are always smaller particles. Just as the Earth is divisible into smaller components, so too are all particles. And just as how atoms are combinable into larger particles (the Earth and so on), so too can all particles be combined into larger systems. Gravity then manipulates this infinite spectrum of masses into the universe as we see it; it is that simple.
How Gravity Produces Electromagnetism
When a particle is sufficiently small relative to another particle, it can be termed “infinitesimal”. When a particle is sufficiently large relative to another particle, it can be termed “infinite”. Notably, this is a matter of the specific systems being compared. What may be “infinite” relative to one particle may be “infinitesimal” relative to another; there are always smaller and always larger particles that exist.
When an “infinitesimal” particle is proximal to an “infinite” particle, then the force of gravity pulls the “infinitesimal” particle directly back towards it.
However, because it is so relatively small, just like a neutrino passing through the Earth, the particle passes through without impediment. Therefore, the force of gravity is then in the opposite direction, once it passes the center of gravity. This, then, causes the particle to be pulled once more back towards the center of gravity.
The “infinitesimal” then once more travels through the “infinite”, and again out the other side where gravity, once more, reverses direction.
This leads to each individual “infinitesimal” particle around a given mass to flow in a Figure-8 orbital.
The summation of the flow of all “infinitesimal” particles surrounding a given mass is what then produces the large-scale observation of electromagnetism. Thereby, gravity causes electromagnetism.
This is why electromagnetism is known to be closely correlated to the spin of the particle. When a system is not spinning, then as the “infinitesimal” pulled through the center exit the other side of the body, the force of gravity behind it is uniform and thereby there is no curvature in the angle of travel of the “infinitesimal” particle. However, when there is a spin in the system, like a galaxy spinning, the rotation of the mass around the center of gravity causes the “infinitesimal” to have a flow pattern that rotates with it. As it is no longer traveling directly away from the center of gravity, the force of gravity is no longer uniformly opposite of the direction of travel. Instead, it is to one side of the direction of travel and this causes the “infinitesimal” to be pulled from a side, leading to it being pulled back through the center of gravity and thereby the Figure-8 orbital is able to arise.
What About the Big Bang?
This model is based on an infinite universe, where our current perspective of how the universe formed is finite. This discrepancy is because the Big Bang did not happen. It is a misinterpretation of observations. Nothing more, nothing less.
Specifically, the concept of the Big Bang originated from observations of distant galaxies. It has only been 100 years since we saw the first galaxy outside of the Milky Way. In that time, Edwin Hubble was focused on studying the composition of these galaxies by analyzing the light coming from them. How this is done is by looking at absorption line patterns in the light. Each element produces a unique absorption line at a very specific frequency, and so we are able to determine what elements the galaxies are made of.
From this process, Edwin Hubble noticed that all distant galaxies had these absorption line patterns shifted towards the red spectrum.
When we analyze absorption lines on Earth, we are able to determine which materials produce which absorption lines. Distant galaxies would have patterns in their absorption lines so that we could still determine the elements present, however the frequency at which the absorption lines from distant galaxies were seen was not the same as on Earth. Rather, they moved further towards the red spectrum in what is called a redshift.
It is important to understand how redshift works in order to see why this is where the critical mistake was made. There are two mechanisms that can cause redshift. The first is known as Doppler shift, where an object moving away from an observer will have the light or sound waves coming from it stretched due to this motion so as to produce a redshift.
When the observation of all distant redshifted galaxies was made, it was assumed that motion was the cause because we saw this in every direction. As an interpretation stemming from this assumption, it meant that all objects were therefore moving away from us. If we reverse time, then, all things are back together; therefore—it is argued—there was a “Big Bang.”
The second mechanism that can cause redshift is gravitational redshift. This was originally dismissed because the observation was in all directions.
The problem with the assumption of motion as the cause is that we observe extremely high redshift values. This implies that these distant galaxies are moving away faster than the speed of light. And so this assumption began to run into issues that were addressed through patchwork attempts.
Edwin Hubble noticed that there was a correlation of all galaxies observed between their distance away from Earth and their redshift value. This correlation became known as Hubble’s Law. Notably, the redshift value—which is the actual observed trait—is regularly translated into velocity away from earth (km/s) because of the assumption of Doppler shift, as we see here:
In recognizing the laws of physics being broken if Doppler shift in and of itself was the cause, the correlation of Hubble’s Law became known as “cosmological redshift.” And with the wave of a wand, cosmological redshift was considered to be the result of a completely new concept that went against all conventional physics: “expansion of space.” Notably, this stems from the assumption of motion as the cause of the observations rather than gravity.
Then, as telescopes grew in power and ability to see more distant galaxies, it was recognized that this relationship of redshift per distance—which was considered linear by Hubble’s Law—was not linear, but rather became exponential over larger distances. Notably, “Laws” are universal. Hubble’s “Law” is not; it only holds true within a relatively short distance. So then, with another wave of a wand, this accelerating rate of redshift per distance was assigned to yet another completely new concept that went against all conventional physics: “dark energy.”
Red flags are raised when we begin adding to the complexity of the universe in our models. As mentioned above, we have reduced all observations to the result of four fundamental forces. We would never, then, claim that there are six, or seven, or ten, because we have already recognized it can be narrowed down to four. We would consider that there be less, but more is illogical. However, we have done just that by adding the concepts of “expansion of space” and “dark energy” to the fundamentals of how the universe functions! And this is all a result of disregarding gravitational redshift as a possible cause of the observations. After recognizing the critical flaws in the assumption of Doppler shift, gravitational redshift still was not reconsidered.
How Gravity Produces Redshift per Distance
Gravitational redshift has nothing to do with motion of the object being observed. Instead, when the light itself coming from distant galaxies travels away from a source of gravity, then the light becomes redshifted. Alternatively, it can be blueshifted when the light travels towards the source of gravity.
How this mechanism produces all distant redshifted galaxies, however, is literally not straight-forward. We can look to patterns in the universe to help us understand.
Quite simply, the moon orbits Earth, which orbits the Sun, which orbits the black hole at the center of our galaxy. There is no reason to conclude that the pattern stops there, but rather it is only logical to conclude that our galaxy’s black hole orbits another even more massive object. And that orbits another even more massive object, and so on, ad infinitum.
Objects of lower mass do not gravitationally influence light as much as higher mass objects. An Einstein cross occurs when there is an object between the observer and the object being observed that bends the pathing of the light passing by it so as to produce an optical illusion of four observed objects around the intermediate object that is gravitationally lensing the light.
However, higher and higher masses influence a given wavelength of light more and more. So much so that the light can no longer escape their gravitational influence and, just like the electromagnetic field being caused by gravity, the light then travels in a Figure-8 orbital about that high mass object.
We have assumed that the light traveling from distant galaxies to arrive at Earth is traveling in a generally straight path. In reality, it is traveling in a Figure-8 path as part of the electromagnetic field of this high mass object. Due to this orbital pattern, gravitational redshift per distance is produced. Each time the light travels through a loop of the Figure-8, it returns back to the center having undergone gravitational redshift due to the orbital motion. Separating the motion into vectors, radial motion outward and back effectively produces no overall redshift because they are equal but opposite. However, the orbital motion produces redshift with each pass through.
This is why we see the correlation known as Hubble’s Law of redshift per distance; it is produced by one object: The Great Attractor. This object is so massive that it physically pulls all photons in our observed universe back to it, through it, and into its electromagnetic field. When the light arrives at Earth, it can come from any angle but ultimately at an additive redshift per distance.
As the light redshifts, the infinitesimal particles that the light is composed of are stretched into a larger volume and so they must reach a new steady-state by becoming less massive particles.
Due to their decrease in mass, they are able to be influenced even more by the gravitational effects of the Great Attractor. This leads to a shrinking in the Figure-8 orbital over increasing distances as it is repetitively redshifted. Due to the inverse radius-squared function of gravity, this means that the force of gravity is exponentially higher over larger distances because the radius is shrinking as the Figure-8 size shrinks.
Therefore, all redshift per distance observations are produced by gravitational redshift. Thus, “expansion of space” and “dark energy” are misinterpretations based on the assumption of Doppler shift.
As we see here, there is no need for more than gravity to explain electromagnetism and redshift observations. This simple model of the infinite universe, in providing these answers, demonstrates that it is the reality of the situation. All that is necessary to explain the universe in physics is classical mechanics with the addition of an infinite structure, both infinitely large and infinitely small, where the small are capable of passing through the large.
My full research, The Universal Principle of Natural Philosophy, can be found at: https://www.cascadinguniverse.org.
The direct link to theory is: https://www.cascadinguniverse.org/upnp/universal-principle-of-natural-philosophy/ . Also I wrote a book called The Simple Reality that is linked on my website; most of the content I have gone over in this posting.
Thanks for your time and attention,
Steve Scully