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Richard Gregg recognized in the 1930s that simplicity and sustainability required a move toward decentralization.
But what exactly does decentralization mean?
Rather than structuring a system to be centralized, where one unit controls the other units, a decentralized system is more of a network where units can self-regulate (self-control) or where smaller groups of units can form patches that self-regulate.
A good example of a centralized system would be a one-world government, where one group of leaders attempts to control the entire world. In contrast, a decentralized system of government would be broken into various governments, large and small, to regulate only their own area. The most decentralized system of all would be anarchy. And anarchy doesn't mean chaos or the lack of a system; it means self-regulation at the smallest level – the individual.
Tad Hogue, a researcher at Xerox PARC, explained decentralization this way, using the body as an example:
“If every human cell's protein production had to be processed through the brain, the costs of coordination would quickly overwhelm the nerve cells' capacities. Consequently, most decisions are made within the cell, or by the internal communications of the endocrinal system, which bypasses most brain functions. Although we tend to think of ourselves being in complete command of our bodies, most of life's choices are made within the individual cells.”
So the biggest reason that a decentralized system would be necessary to achieve sustainability is that centralized systems are more expensive to run. Centralized systems have added “costs of coordination.”
What are some costs of coordination in our world today? One huge cost is the “bureaucratic red tape” we encounter when the federal government attempts to solve a problem. Because the federal government is a good example of a centralized system, we can see many costs of coordination in its processes. For each problem the federal government attempts to solve, it must create an agency staffed with people who are somewhat removed from the problem they're trying to fix. The costs of running these various agencies are huge costs of coordination that could be avoided if the government left most problem-solving to smaller communities.
Computers have helped us to see how decentralized systems are better at solving problems than centralized ones. Researchers at Xerox and the Santa Fe Institute have used computer models to show that central coordination is much less effective. In many cases, centralized systems left to run their programs out indefinitely end up locked or frozen after many iterations.
We'll explore more about what computers can tell us about decentralized systems and sustainability next time.
This article is one of a series I'm writing for the 30 Day Writing Challenge hosted by @dragosroua. If you want to join, write on a topic that interests you or that you'd like to learn more about and use the tag #challenge30days. As Dragos says, "The key word sequence here is: "write every day."
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